GPT on Question 16, Sep 28

Naloxone (Narcan) reverses opioid overdose by rapidly blocking opioid receptors—especially μ-opioid receptors—in the brain. It displaces opioids such as heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, or methadone, allowing breathing and consciousness to return. It usually works within 2–3 minutes but lasts only about 30–90 minutes, often less than the opioid, so overdose symptoms can return.

When a bystander should use it

Give naloxone immediately if someone may have used opioids and has any of these signs:

• •Cannot be awakened or is extremely unresponsive
• •Slow, irregular, gasping, or absent breathing
• •Blue/gray lips or fingertips
• •Pinpoint pupils
• •Choking, gurgling, or unusual “snoring” sounds

If unsure, use it—naloxone generally will not harm someone who has not taken opioids.

What to do

• 1.Call emergency services immediately.
• 2.Give naloxone according to the device instructions—commonly one nasal spray into one nostril.
• 3.Provide rescue breaths or CPR if the person is not breathing normally; use an AED if available.
• 4.If there is no response after 2–3 minutes, give another dose. Potent opioids such as fentanyl may require several doses.
• 5.Stay with the person. If breathing returns, place them on their side in the recovery position and monitor until help arrives.

Naloxone can trigger sudden withdrawal, including vomiting, sweating, agitation, or pain. Keep the person safe, but do not let them use more opioids. Emergency evaluation is still necessary because naloxone can wear off and the overdose can recur.