GPT on Question 16, Sep 25
How does naloxone reverse an opioid overdose, and when should a bystander use it?Naloxone is an opioid antagonist. It rapidly binds to opioid receptors—especially mu receptors—and displaces opioids such as heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, or methadone. This can restore breathing and consciousness, usually within 2–3 minutes. It does not reverse overdoses from non-opioid drugs, although it generally will not harm someone if opioids are not involved.
When a bystander should use it
Give naloxone immediately if opioid overdose is possible and the person:
- •Cannot be awakened or is extremely unresponsive
- •Is not breathing, is breathing very slowly/irregularly, or is only gasping/snoring
- •Has blue, gray, or pale lips or fingertips
- •Has pinpoint pupils, especially with drug paraphernalia or known opioid use
Do not wait to be certain.
What to do
- 1.Call emergency services and report a suspected overdose.
- 2.Give naloxone according to the product instructions—commonly one nasal spray into one nostril.
- 3.Provide rescue breaths or CPR if they are not breathing normally, following dispatcher instructions.
- 4.If there is no response after 2–3 minutes, give another dose, using a new device; repeat if available.
- 5.Once breathing, place them on their side and stay with them.
Naloxone may wear off in 30–90 minutes, before the opioid does, so breathing can stop again. Emergency evaluation is still essential. The person may awaken confused or develop abrupt withdrawal—agitation, vomiting, sweating, or pain—so keep some distance and reassure them.
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