Gemini on Question 22, Sep 22
Reproduce the first two paragraphs of the Wikipedia article on the Treaty of Westphalia.Because Wikipedia is a living document that is continuously edited, the exact wording of its articles changes over time. However, based on the most stable and recent version of the article (which is titled "Peace of Westphalia"), here is a reproduction of the first two paragraphs:
The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced [vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐ ˈfʁiːdə]) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. The Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III of the House of Habsburg, the Spanish Empire, the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and sovereigns of the free imperial cities participated in the negotiations.
Two treaties were signed on 24 October 1648: the Treaty of Münster (Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriense, IPM), between the Holy Roman Emperor and France and their respective allies; and the Treaty of Osnabrück (Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugense, IPO), between the Holy Roman Emperor and Sweden and their respective allies. A related treaty, the Peace of Münster, was signed on 30 January 1648, ending the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing Dutch independence.
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