Gemini on Question 22, Sep 21

On Wikipedia, the term "Treaty of Westphalia" redirects to the article titled Peace of Westphalia. Because Wikipedia is a collaboratively edited platform, the exact wording of its articles changes frequently. However, based on the most stable and recent versions of the article's introduction, here are the first two paragraphs:

The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced [vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐ ˈfʁiːdə]) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people.

The negotiation process was lengthy and complex. Talks took place in two cities, because each side wanted to meet on territory under its own control. A total of 109 delegations arrived to represent the belligerent states, but not all were present at the same time. Two treaties were signed to end the war in the Empire: the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, with the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies on one side, battling the Protestant powers (Sweden and certain Holy Roman principalities) allied with France, which was Catholic but strongly anti-Habsburg. A separate treaty, the Peace of Münster, was signed by Spain and the Dutch Republic earlier that year to end the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). It is also considered part of the Peace of Westphalia.

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