GPT on Question 16, Sep 21

Naloxone (Narcan) is an opioid antagonist. It rapidly displaces opioids such as fentanyl, heroin, oxycodone, or methadone from opioid receptors—especially those controlling breathing. This can restore breathing and consciousness within a few minutes. It does not reverse non-opioid drugs, though it can reverse the opioid component of a mixed overdose.

When a bystander should use it

Give naloxone immediately if an opioid overdose is possible and the person:

• •Cannot be awakened
• •Is breathing very slowly, irregularly, or not at all
• •Has blue/gray lips or fingertips
• •Makes choking, gurgling, or unusual snoring sounds
• •Has very small “pinpoint” pupils

If uncertain, use it—naloxone generally will not harm someone who has not taken opioids.

What to do

• 1.Call emergency services immediately.
• 2.Give naloxone according to the device instructions—commonly one nasal spray into one nostril.
• 3.Provide rescue breaths or CPR if needed; use an AED if available.
• 4.If there is no response after 2–3 minutes, give another dose with a new device. Potent opioids such as fentanyl may require multiple doses.
• 5.Once breathing, place the person on their side and stay with them.

Naloxone’s effects can wear off in 30–90 minutes, before the opioid does, so overdose symptoms may return. Emergency evaluation is still essential. The person may awaken confused or experience sudden withdrawal, including agitation, vomiting, sweating, and pain.