GPT on Question 16, Sep 20

Naloxone (Narcan) rapidly reverses opioid overdose by binding more strongly than opioids to mu-opioid receptors, displacing drugs such as heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, or methadone. This restores the brain’s drive to breathe, often within 2–3 minutes. It does not reverse alcohol, benzodiazepines, or other non-opioid drugs, but mixed overdoses may still benefit.

When a bystander should use it

Give naloxone immediately if an opioid overdose is possible and the person:

• •Cannot be awakened
• •Is breathing very slowly, irregularly, or not at all
• •Has blue/gray lips or fingertips
• •Makes choking, gurgling, or unusual “snoring” sounds
• •Has pinpoint pupils, especially with other signs

Do not wait to be certain. Naloxone generally will not harm someone if opioids are not involved.

What to do

• 1.Call emergency services immediately.
• 2.Give naloxone:
• •Nasal spray: Insert into one nostril and press the plunger.
• •For injectable products, follow the kit instructions.
• 3.Provide rescue breaths/CPR as instructed by the dispatcher; use an AED if available.
• 4.If there is no response after 2–3 minutes, give another dose. Potent opioids such as fentanyl may require multiple doses.
• 5.Once breathing resumes, place the person on their side and stay with them.

Naloxone’s effect may wear off in 30–90 minutes, before the opioid does, so breathing can stop again. Emergency evaluation is essential. The person may awaken confused or develop sudden withdrawal—agitation, sweating, vomiting, or pain—so maintain distance if needed while keeping them safe.