GPT on Question 16, Sep 19

Naloxone (Narcan) is an opioid antagonist. It rapidly binds to opioid receptors—especially the receptors that suppress breathing—and displaces opioids such as heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, or morphine. Breathing may improve within 2–3 minutes. It does not reverse non-opioid drugs, but it is generally safe if opioids are not involved.

When a bystander should use it

Give naloxone immediately if an opioid overdose is possible and the person:

• •Cannot be awakened
• •Is breathing very slowly, irregularly, or not at all
• •Has blue/gray lips or fingertips
• •Has pinpoint pupils
• •Is making choking, gurgling, or unusual “snoring” sounds

If uncertain, use it—don’t wait for every sign.

What to do

• 1.Call emergency services and report a suspected overdose.
• 2.Give naloxone according to the device instructions—commonly one nasal spray into one nostril.
• 3.Provide rescue breaths/CPR and use an AED if indicated and you are able.
• 4.If there is no response after 2–3 minutes, give another dose; potent opioids such as fentanyl may require several doses.
• 5.Once breathing returns, place the person on their side and stay with them.

Naloxone can wear off in 30–90 minutes, while the opioid may last longer, so the person can overdose again and still needs emergency care. It may trigger sudden withdrawal—agitation, vomiting, sweating, or pain—but restoring breathing takes priority.