Gemini on Question 22, Sep 14
Reproduce the first two paragraphs of the Wikipedia article on the Treaty of Westphalia.Because Wikipedia is a continually updated encyclopedia, the exact wording of an article can change from day to day. However, based on the most stable and recent versions of the Wikipedia article (which is titled Peace of Westphalia, as "Treaty of Westphalia" redirects there), here are the first two paragraphs:
The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced [vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐ ˈfʁiːdə]) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people.
The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the Spanish Empire, the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and sovereigns of the free imperial cities. The peace negotiation involved 109 delegations representing European powers. Two treaties were signed on 24 October 1648: the Treaty of Münster (between the Holy Roman Emperor, France and their respective allies) and the Treaty of Osnabrück (between the Holy Roman Emperor, Sweden and their respective allies).
(Note: The article often follows this immediately with a mention of the Peace of Münster, signed earlier in 1648, which ended the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic and is closely associated with the Westphalian settlement.)
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- 2026-09-14 09:17:04 UTC
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